A DEMATEL-based analysis of logistics determinants in online retail
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM.2345.2025Keywords:
E-commerce, Logistics, Dematel, Online, Retail, LogisticAbstract
Goal: The objective of this study is to perform the analysis of the logistical determinants for the purchase of a product online through the DEMATEL methodology.
Design/methodology/approach: The factors that drive a customer to make a purchase online have become competitive and make it so that the customer can quickly compare online sales platforms and then select the one that is most attractive to them. This study sought through the DEMATEL methodology to identify with experts in the area, factors that lead a customer to make a purchase decision in an online retail in the logistics context.
Results: The results show that the experience that the retailer delivers to the customer in the delivery logistics process is totally directed with the purchase decision and that this is a focus factor of the specialists in the decision-making process.
Research limitations: Some data on logistics factors, customer preferences, or purchasing behavior may compromise the accuracy and reliability of the analysis results. Practical implications: Understanding the factors, businesses can optimize their supply chain processes to meet customer demands efficiently, reducing lead times, stockouts, and delivery delays. This may involve renegotiating contracts with shipping providers, investing in warehouse automation technology, or optimizing transportation routes to reduce costs and improve overall operational efficiency.
Originality/value: Few studies have applied DEMATEL to logistics issues, especially in the context of online retail. This article seeks to point out indicators for decision-making that are rarely studied in the literature and that serve as a new way of helping managers make decisions.
Downloads
References
Aktas, E., Bourlakis, M. and Zissis, D. (2020), "Collaboration in the last mile: evidence from grocery deliveries", International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, Vol. 0 No. 0, pp. 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2020.1740660
Aliei, M., Kazemi, M., Fakoor Saghih, A.M. and Naji-Azimi, Z. (2020), "Analysis of relationships of third party logistics enablers using multi-criteria decision making technique DEMATEL-based on ANP", International Journal of Procurement Management, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 278–297, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPM.2020.106516
Bouzon, M., Govindan, K. and Rodriguez, C.M.T. (2018), "Evaluating barriers for reverse logistics implementation under a multiple stakeholders’ perspective analysis using grey decision making approach", Resources, Vol. 128, pp. 315–335, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2016.11.022.
Buldeo Rai, H., Verlinde, S. and Macharis, C. (2019), "The ‘next day, free delivery’ myth unravelled: Possibilities for sustainable last mile transport in an omnichannel environment", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 47 No. 1, pp. 39–54, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-06-2018-0104
Buldeo Rai, H., Verlinde, S. and Macharis, C. (2021), "Who is interested in a crowdsourced last mile? A segmentation of attitudinal profiles", Travel Behaviour and Society, Vol. 22, pp. 22–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.08.004
Buldeo Rai, H., Verlinde, S., Macharis, C., Schoutteet, P. and Vanhaverbeke, L. (2019), "Logistics outsourcing in omnichannel retail: State of practice and service recommendations", International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 267–286, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-02-2018-0092
Campos, E.A.R., Tavana, M., ten Caten, C.S., Bouzon, M. and de Paula, I.C. (2021), "A grey-DEMATEL approach for analyzing factors critical to the implementation of reverse logistics in the pharmaceutical care process", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 28 No. 11, pp. 14156–14176, https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-020-11138-8.
Castillo, V.E., Bell, J.E., Rose, W.J. and Rodrigues, A.M. (2018), "Crowdsourcing Last Mile Delivery: Strategic Implications and Future Research Directions", Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 39 No. 1, pp. 7–25, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12173
Chen, W.H. (2012), "Online fault diagnosis for power transmission networks using fuzzy digraph models", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 688–698, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2011.2178079.
Chu, H., Zhang, W., Bai, P. and Chen, Y. (2021), "Data-driven optimization for last-mile delivery", Complex and Intelligent Systems, Vol. 1, pp. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/S40747-021-00293-1
Cui, Y., Huang, M., Yang, S., Lee, L.H. and Wang, X. (2013), "Fourth party logistics routing problem model with fuzzy duration time and cost discount", Knowledge-Based Systems, Vol. 50, pp. 14–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2013.04.020
Curtis, T.L., Buchanan, H., Heath, G., Smith, L. and Shaw, S. (2021), Solar Photovoltaic Module Recycling: A Survey of U.S. Policies and Initiatives, Golden, https://doi.org/10.2172/1774839
Du, S. (2023), "Hybrid Kano-DEMATEL-TOPSIS model based benefit distribution of multiple logistics service providers considering consumer service evaluation of segmented task", Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 213, 119292, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESWA.2022.119292.
Du, Y.W. and Li, X.X. (2021), "Hierarchical DEMATEL method for complex systems", Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 167, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESWA.2020.113871
Etminan, M., Collins, G.S. and Mansournia, M.A. (2020), "Using Causal Diagrams to Improve the Design and Interpretation of Medical Research", Chest, Vol. 158 No. 1, pp. S21–S28, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEST.2020.03.011
Gibson, S., Hsu, M.K. and Zhou, X. (2022), "Convenience stores in the digital age: A focus on the customer experience and revisit intentions", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 68, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRETCONSER.2022.103014
Govindan, K. and Bouzon, M. (2018), "From a literature review to a multi-perspective framework for reverse logistics barriers and drivers", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 187, pp. 318–337, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.03.040
Govindan, K. and Chaudhuri, A. (2016), "Interrelationships of risks faced by third party logistics service providers: A DEMATEL based approach", Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 90, pp. 177–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRE.2015.11.010
Govindan, K., Khodaverdi, R. and Vafadarnikjoo, A. (2016), "A grey DEMATEL approach to develop third-party logistics provider selection criteria", Industrial Management and Data Systems, Vol. 116 No. 4, pp. 690–722, https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-05-2015-0180.
Gruchmann, T., Pratt, N., Eiten, J. and Melkonyan, A. (2020), "4PL Digital Business Models in Sea Freight Logistics: The Case of FreightHub", Logistics, Vol. 4 No. 2, 10, https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics4020010
Gupta, V.K., Ting, Q.U. and Tiwari, M.K. (2019), "Multi-period price optimization problem for omnichannel retailers accounting for customer heterogeneity", International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 212, pp. 155–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.02.016.
Hua, J. and Fang, Q. (2022), "Using DEMATEL and AHP to Evaluate the Influencing Factors of Express Logistics Service Quality", in 2022 2nd International Conference on Management Science and Software Engineering (ICMSSE 2022), pp. 801–806, https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-056-5_116
Huang, M., Dong, L., Kuang, H., Jiang, Z.Z., Lee, L.H. and Wang, X. (2021), "Supply chain network design considering customer psychological behavior-a 4PL perspective", Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 159, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CIE.2021.107484
Jensen, K.L., Yenerall, J., Chen, X. and Yu, T.E. (2021), "US Consumers’ Online Shopping Behaviors and Intentions During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic", Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Vol. 53 No. 3, pp. 416–434, https://doi.org/10.1017/AAE.2021.15
Jin, D., Caliskan-Demirag, O., Chen, F. (Youhua) and Huang, M. (2020), "Omnichannel retailers’ return policy strategies in the presence of competition", International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.107595
Jones, A.L., Miller, J.W., Griffis, S.E., Whipple, J.M. and Voorhees, C.M. (2021), "An examination of the effects of omni-channel service offerings on retailer performance", International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-06-2020-0175
Kawa, A. and Światowiec-Szczepańska, J. (2021), "Logistics as a value in e-commerce and its influence on satisfaction in industries: a multilevel analysis", Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 36 No. 13, pp. 220–235, https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-09-2020-0429
Khan, S., Singh, R., Haleem, A., Dsilva, J. and Ali, S.S. (2022), "Exploration of Critical Success Factors of Logistics 4.0: A DEMATEL Approach", Logistics, Vol. 6 No. 13, https://doi.org/10.3390/LOGISTICS6010013
Levina, E. and Razumova, Yu. (2019), "Digitalization of the transport and logistics market: integration of information systems. Russian experience in introducing digital technologies in the organization of logistics processes", Revista Amazonía Investiga, Vol. 2 No. 22, pp. 269–279.
Li, N., Liu, C. and Li, M. (2022), "Research on the efficiency of agricultural product cold chain logistics enterprises based on fuzzy intuition DEMATEL method", SPIE, Vol. 12350, pp. 9–14, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2653343
Lim, S.F.W.T., Jin, X. and Srai, J.S. (2018), "Consumer-driven e-commerce: A literature review, design framework, and research agenda on last-mile logistics models", International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, Vol. 48 No. 3, pp. 308–332, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-02-2017-0081
Lim, S.F.W.T. and Winkenbach, M. (2019), "Configuring the last-mile in business-to-consumer e-retailing", California Management Review, Vol. 61 No. 2, pp. 132–154, https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125618805094
Ling, H.C., Chen, H.R., Ho, K.K.W. and Hsiao, K.L. (2021), "Exploring the factors affecting customers’ intention to purchase a smart speaker", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102331
Liu, H.C., Shia, B.C., Ou, Y.C. and Su, H.W. (2017), "A generalized DEMATEL theory with a shrinkage coefficient for an indirect relation matrix", MATEC Web of Conferences, Vol. 119, 01020, https://doi.org/10.1051/MATECCONF/201711901020
Maden, A. and Alptekin, E. (2020), "Evaluation of factors affecting the decision to adopt blockchain technology: A logistics company case study using Fuzzy DEMATEL", Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 6279–6291, https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-189096
Michalski, M. and Montes-Botella, J.L. (2022), "Logistics service quality in an emergent market in Latin America", International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 79–101, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-11-2020-0433
Mishra, R. (2021), "An analysis of factors influencing omnichannel retailing adoption using ISM-DEMATEL approach: an Indian perspective", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 550–576, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-03-2020-0108
Mishra, S., Malhotra, G., Arora, V. and Mukhopadhyay, S. (2022), "Omnichannel retailing: does it empower consumers and influence patronage?", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 50 No. 2, pp. 229–250, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-04-2021-0199
Mrutzek-Hartmann, B., Kotzab, H., Yumurtacı Hüseyinoğlu, I.Ö. and Kühling, S. (2022), "Omni-channel retailing resources and capabilities of SME specialty retailers – insights from Germany and Turkey", International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-10-2021-0503
Ou, S.-M. (2020), "Green Medical Reserve Logistics Provider Selection Using DEMATEL Method", Business, Management and Economics Research, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 13–20.
Pearl, J. (2022), "Causal Diagrams for Empirical Research (With Discussions)", in Probabilistic and Causal Inference, pp. 255–316, https://doi.org/10.1145/3501714.3501734
Pedrita, F.S. (2022), Análise de Barreiras Para Redução de Resíduos de Construção Civil No Canteiro de Obras Em Edificação Comercial de Médio Porte No Brasil: Uma Aplicação Do Fuzzy-DEMATEL, Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba.
Pereira, M.M., de Oliveira, D.L., Portela Santos, P.P. and Frazzon, E.M. (2018), "Predictive and Adaptive Management Approach for Omnichannel Retailing Supply Chains", IFAC-PapersOnLine, Vol. 51 No. 11, pp. 1707–1713, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IFACOL.2018.08.210
Raj, A. and Sah, B. (2019), "Analyzing critical success factors for implementation of drones in the logistics sector using grey-DEMATEL based approach", Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 139, 106118, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CIE.2019.106118
Ricci, M.R., Garbelotto, C.C., Quadri, M.D.S., Mouzon, M. and Vaz, C.R. (2022), "Uma análise multicritério de barreiras na logística reversa de módulos fotovoltaicos", in ENEGEP 2022, https://doi.org/10.14488/ENEGEP2022_TN_WPG_383_1897_43279
Riley, J.M. and Klein, R. (2019), "How logistics capabilities offered by retailers influence millennials’ online purchasing attitudes and intentions", Young Consumers, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 131–151, https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-12-2018-0889
Salvietti, G., Ziliani, C., Teller, C., Ieva, M. and Ranfagni, S. (2022), "Omnichannel retailing and post-pandemic recovery: building a research agenda", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-10-2021-0485
Santos, E.M. dos and Sánchez-Díaz, I. (2016), "Exploring Carriers’ Perceptions About City Logistics Initiatives", Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2547, pp. 66–73, https://doi.org/10.3141/2547-10
Sawangwong, A. and Chaopaisarn, P. (2021), "The impact of applying knowledge in the technological pillars of Industry 4.0 on supply chain performance", Kybernetes, https://doi.org/10.1108/K-07-2021-0555
Schubert, D., Kuhn, H. and Holzapfel, A. (2020), "Same-day deliveries in omnichannel retail: Integrated order picking and vehicle routing with vehicle-site dependencies", Naval Research Logistics, pp. 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1002/nav.21954
Shahraki Moghadam, S., Sadeh, E. and Aminisabegh, Z. (2021), "Identifying relationships among components of logistic relief assessment in the humanitarian supply chain with fuzzy DEMATEL approach", Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, Vol. 10 No. 28, pp. 67–84, https://doi.org/10.22111/JNEH.2020.33697.1641
Shoaib, M., Zhang, S. and Ali, H. (2022), "Assessment of sustainable green logistics enablers: a robust framework using fuzzy DEMATEL and ISM approach", International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, pp. 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/S13762-022-04709-4
Shokouhyar, S., Dehkhodaei, A. and Amiri, B. (2022), "Toward customer-centric mobile phone reverse logistics: using the DEMATEL approach and social media data", Kybernetes, Vol. 51 No. 11, pp. 3236–3279, https://doi.org/10.1108/K-11-2020-0831
Shrestha, M.S., Gurung, M.B., Khadgi, V.R., Wagle, N., Banarjee, S., Sherchan, U., Parajuli, B., et al. (2021), "The last mile: Flood risk communication for better preparedness in Nepal", International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 56, 102118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102118.
Sivakumar, K., Jeyapaul, R., Vimal, K.E.K. and Ravi, P. (2018), "A DEMATEL approach for evaluating barriers for sustainable end-of-life practices", Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 29 No. 6, pp. 1065–1091, https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-08-2017-0164.
Souza, N.L.S. de, Rossato, I.D.F. and Henkes, J.A. (2019), "Uma análise das estratégias de produção mais limpa e eficiência energética em uma indústria de equipamentos odontológicos", Revista Gestão & Sustentabilidade Ambiental, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 639–659, https://doi.org/10.19177/rgsa.v8e32019639-659
Souza, N.L.S. de, Flores, M.R., Cauchick-Miguel, P.A. and Frazzon, E.M. (2023a), "Analysis of product-service system logistics strategies in e-commerce: a literature review", Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20 No. 4, p. 1693, https://doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM.1693.2023.
Souza, N.L.S. de, Flores, M.R., Cauchick-Miguel, P.A. and Frazzon, E.M. (2023n), "Analysis of product-service system logistics strategies in e-commerce", Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 1693–1693, https://doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM.1693.2023.
Souza, N.L.S. de, Frazzon, E.M., Braghirolli, L.F., Arante, M.T. and Mafia, M.M.P. (2022a), "Orchestrating a ship-from-store omnichannel operation using 4pl digital platform", International Journal of Business Forecasting and Marketing Intelligence, Vol. 8 No. 1, p. 1, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBFMI.2022.10050550
Souza, N.L.S. de, Neto, L.A.S., Fettermann, D.C. and Frazzon, E.M. (2022b), "Evaluation of the customer requirements for last mile delivery in Brazil", Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM.2022.1360
Souza, N.L.S. de, Stradioto Neto, L.A., Rossato, I.D.F., Silva, B.S. da and Henkes, J.A. (2020), "Aplicação de ferramenta da indústria 4.0 em um caso com alguns cenários nacionais e internacionais", Revista Gestão & Sustentabilidade Ambiental, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 120–140, https://doi.org/10.19177/rgsa.v9e22020120-140
Souza, N.L.S., Arante, M.T., Romolo, Í., Agostino, S., Falavigna Braghirolli, L., Meireles, M., Mafia, P., et al. (2024), "Ship-from-store omnichannel using a 4pl digital platform", Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 21 No. 2, p. 1856, https://doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM.1856.2024
Stradioto Neto, L.A., Souza, N.L.S. de, Rossato, I.D.F., Henkes, J.A. and Keine, S. (2020), "Avaliação dos métodos para aplicação da análise do inventário do ciclo de vida na indústria moveleira", Revista Gestão & Sustentabilidade Ambiental, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 126–152, https://doi.org/10.19177/rgsa.v9e42020126-152
Tian, G., Liu, X., Zhang, M., Yang, Y., Zhang, H., Lin, Y., Ma, F., et al. (2019), "Selection of take-back pattern of vehicle reverse logistics in China via Grey-DEMATEL and Fuzzy-VIKOR combined method", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 220, pp. 1088–1100, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.01.086
Torbacki, W. and Kijewska, K. (2019), "Identifying Key Performance Indicators to be used in Logistics 4.0 and Industry 4.0 for the needs of sustainable municipal logistics by means of the DEMATEL method", Transportation Research Procedia, Vol. 39, pp. 534–543, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRPRO.2019.06.055
Tsai, Y.T. and Tiwasing, P. (2021), "Customers’ intention to adopt smart lockers in last-mile delivery service: A multi-theory perspective", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102514
Tueanrat, Y., Papagiannidis, S. and Alamanos, E. (2021), "A conceptual framework of the antecedents of customer journey satisfaction in omnichannel retailing", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102550
Tzeng, G.H. and Huang, C.Y. (2012), "Combined DEMATEL technique with hybrid MCDM methods for creating the aspired intelligent global manufacturing & logistics systems", Annals of Operations Research, Vol. 197 No. 1, pp. 159–190, https://doi.org/10.1007/S10479-010-0829-4
Uzir, Md.U.H., al Halbusi, H., Thurasamy, R., Thiam Hock, R.L., Aljaberi, M.A., Hasan, N. and Hamid, M. (2021), "The effects of service quality, perceived value and trust in home delivery service personnel on customer satisfaction: Evidence from a developing country", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 63, 102721, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRETCONSER.2021.102721
Vakulenko, Y., Shams, P., Hellström, D. and Hjort, K. (2019), "Service innovation in e-commerce last mile delivery: Mapping the e-customer journey", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 101, pp. 461–468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.016
Valdes, J., Tarjan, R.E. and Lawler, E.L. (1979), "The recognition of series parallel digraphs", Proceedings of the Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1145/800135.804393
Venkata Rao, R. and Gandhi, O.P. (2002), "Failure cause analysis of machine tools using digraph and matrix methods", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 42 No. 4, pp. 521–528, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(01)00135-3
Vivaldini, M. and Pires, S.R.I. (2013), "Applying a business cell approach to fourth-party logistics freight management in the food service industry", International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 296–310, https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2013.815157.
Wang, H., Huang, M., Ip, W.H. and Wang, X. (2021), "Network design for maximizing service satisfaction of suppliers and customers under limited budget for industry innovator fourth-party logistics", Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 158, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CIE.2021.107404
Weber, A.N. and Badenhorst-Weiss, J.A. (2018), "The last-mile logistical challenges of an omnichannel grocery retailer: A South African perspective", Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, Vol. 12, https://doi.org/10.4102/jtscm.v12i0.398
Zhang, W. and Deng, Y. (2019), "Combining conflicting evidence using the DEMATEL method", Soft Computing, Vol. 23 No. 17, pp. 8207–8216, https://doi.org/10.1007/S00500-018-3455-8
Zhou, M., Zhao, L., Kong, N., Campy, K.S., Xu, G., Zhu, G., Cao, X., et al. (2020), "Understanding consumers’ behavior to adopt self-service parcel services for last-mile delivery", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 52, 101911, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRETCONSER.2019.101911
Zoubek, M. and Simon, M. (2021), "Evaluation of the Level and Readiness of Internal Logistics for Industry 4.0 in Industrial Companies", Applied Sciences, Vol. 11 No. 13, 6130, https://doi.org/10.3390/APP11136130
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nicollas Luiz Schweitzer de Souza Schweitzer, Marina Bouzon, Diego de Castro Fettermann, Enzo Morosini Frazzon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors must have a written permission from any third-party materials used in the article, such as figures and graphics. The permission must explicitly allow authors to use the materials. The permission should be submitted with the article, as a supplementary file.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after BJO&PM publishes it (See The Effect of Open Access).
